As the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks grow, the incentives and difficulties in perform double spend attacks increase more or less proportionally (by design). But a more complex attack vector for the Ethereum chain (or any protocol designed to support a large number of dApps) is explored in by Fabric Ventures' Julien Thevenard. Specifically, leveraging loaned and shorted ETH and engineering double spends via tokens built atop the main protocol could exploit security vulnerabilities on the base layer chain without directly attacking the validating network. Julien adds a hypothetical step-by-step scenario for how such an attack could manifest, demonstrating how the incentives to attack the network might grow quicker than its security depending on the growth of dApps.