Crypto's middleware protocols are developer geared protocols that provide services in addition to the consensus and core functions of the base layer blockchain. These middleware protocols make dapp creation easier, faster, and cheaper, making them attractive to developers to build on. Many of these middleware teams have become smart contract platform agnostic in an attempt to increase developer stickiness. Key middleware protocols could potentially grow to be greater than the underlying consensus chain. A parallel by Joel Monegro is Microsoft's relationship with PC makers, as Microsoft abstracted much of the value from these makers.